An article about drought: p.64
A conversation between two friends about global
warming: p.56
A magazine article about endangered species: p.60
Two advertisements for holidays close to nature: p.58
Advertisements about different environmental projects:
p.54
READING
B.
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
C.
1. A (‘... while they prepare themselves for the green jobs of the future.’)
2. D (‘... rebuild homes which were destroyed by floods
during the rainy season.’)
3. D (‘We are looking for cheerful and hardworking people who have experience in construction work. If you fit this description...’)
4. C (‘You will help compare satellite images to on-theground information.’)
5. B (‘You will have the opportunity to travel with scientists through the jungle in an experience of a lifetime.’)
6. D (‘During this 15-day adventure, ...’)
7. A (‘We are moving from a ‘grey’ economy, based on habits that are harmful... to protect our environment.’)
8. C (‘...this island chain has not been affected by development until quite recently.’)
4a vocabulary & grammar
1. d
2. e
3. f
4. a
5. c
6. b
VOCABULARY
LEXICAL SET (GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES)
Suggested answer إجابات مُقترحة
Other geographical features may include: cave, glacier, volcano, waterfall, etc.
GRAMMAR
FUTURE TENSES
A.
c, a, b
B.
When will that happen? a
What is emphasised? b
C.
The future will (will + base form) is used for
predictions: ‘Of course! Scientists say that in a few years
only half of the rainforests will still exist.’
The future will (will + base form) is used for spontaneous
decisions: ‘In that case I’ll come with you.’
The future going to (am/is/are + going to + base form)
is used for people’s intentions or plans that have already
been made: ‘Next July, we are going to volunteer with the
National Science Foundation and help scientists save the
Amazon rainforest.’
The Future progressive (will + be + -ing form) is used
to emphasise the duration of a future action: ‘During
this 15-day adventure, you will be helping families in
Bhaleswa, near new Delhi...’
The Future Perfect (will + have + past participle) is used
for actions that will be completed before a specific time or
another action in the future: ‘However, by 2020, logging
will have reduced the size of rainforests by 60%.’
PRACTICE
1. are you going to watch
2. will win
3. will be
4. are going to watch
5. ’ll call
6. wake up
7. will have left
8. will be working / am going to work
9. ’ll give
10. get
11. Will you be / Are you going to be
12. get
13. am going to be
4a listening & reading
LISTENING & READING 54
B.
Advantages of global warming (Josh’s version)
• People can swim throughout the whole year.
• Some cities away from the beach will become summer
resorts.
• People will save a lot of money on clothes, since they
will never have to purchase heavy items of clothing.
• If the polar ice caps melt, then it will be easier to dig for
oil so transport will become cheaper.
C.
1. That a lot of cities will also flood along with the
one they both live in.
2. Josh thinks that Ben is a negative person and he only
sees disadvantages to everything.
3. He wouldn’t have to buy heavy winter clothing.
4. They will have to move to the North.
5. The price of petrol would go down.
D.
1. So what?
2. for all I care
3. a hopeless case
4. for starters
5. I give up!
4a vocabulary & grammar
VOCABULARY WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
1. rise
2. raise
3. interrupt
4. disturb
5. oil
6. petrol
7. warm
8. hot
9. give up
10. gave in
GRAMMAR
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( T YPES 1 & 2)
A.
1.
Does the sentence refer to the past or the future?
The future.
Does he think that this is likely to happen?
Yes, he does.
2.
According to Josh, is Ben negative? Does he see the advantages
of global warming?
Yes, Josh thinks Ben is negative and that he can’t see the
advantages of global warming.
Does the sentence refer to the present or the past?
The present.
B.
PRACTICE
1. continues
2. heat
3. melts
4. don’t use
5. ’ll destroy
6. thought
7. would find
8. runs
9. stops/will stop
10. stopped
11. is
12. will be
4a listening & speaking
LISTENING 56-63
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. a
SPEAKING
Suggested answers: إجابات مُقترحة
Reasons for choosing Costa Rica:
1. Challenging holidays: give you the opportunity to explore rare natural habitats such as the rainforests.
2. Educational experience: perfect chance to acquire new skills since you take part in surveys concerning
endangered turtles.
3. You become an active participant in protecting the natural environment while helping to raise other
peoples’ environmental awareness through the surveys.
Reasons for choosing Saudi Arabia:
1. Combines environmental awareness with a relaxing holiday.
2. Active holidays since it includes environmentallyfriendly sports such as scuba diving and snorkelling.
3. Educational experience: unique opportunity to see amazing wildlife including baboons and green turtles.
B.
Suggested answers:
What are the advantages of ecotourism?
• Ecotourism is a better way to use the land than most
agricultural pursuits, especially in arid and semi-arid
areas.
• It is a form of economic development that can benefit
disadvantaged rural communities.
• It is an excellent source of foreign exchange that can
be used by countries to finance economic growth and
development.
• It encourages business partnerships between the
private sector, conservation authorities and residents
located in or near wild areas.
• It is a pollution-free industry promoting economic
growth without damaging the environment.
Do you think that you do enough to protect the
environment? Why?/Why not?
Well, I recycle, I have installed energy saving light bulbs,
I don’t leave the water running when I brush my teeth, I
shower instead of taking baths...
What can individuals do to protect the environment?
First Save Energy at Home
• Insulate the rooms in your house.
• Unplug appliances and completely turn off equipment
such as TV’s and stereos.
• Improve the fuel economy of your car by going easy
on the petrol and brakes, and by removing items from
your car boot to help decrease its weight.
• Set your thermostat in winter to 20 degrees C or less.
• Turn off the lights in the rooms you’re not using.
• Use fluorescent light bulbs.
• Use appliances efficiently: wash full loads of clothes.
• Recycle
Reduce Fuel Consumption
• Check your motor oil and air filter, as well as your tyre
pressure.
• Use hybrid cars and renewable fuels.
• Use public transport.
• Walk and ride your bike.
WRITING
AN E-MAIL BASED ON PROMPTS
B.
He asks you to give your opinion about the problem
(building a golf course along the unspoilt coastline),
say whether you intend to sign a petition and propose
other types of action that the residents can take with the
help of the town council.
C.
Suggested answers: إجابات مُقترحة
Give opinion about plan
What are the advantages of building a golf course?
It means more tourists will come, which means that the
local economy will be reinforced.
What are the disadvantages?
Negative effects on the environment (sand dunes will be
damaged and wildlife habitat will be disturbed, a golf
course requires a lot of water for irrigation purposes)
Do you think the disadvantages are greater than the
advantages?
Ss’ own answer
Should the environment be protected at all costs?
Ss’ own answer
Say whether you will sign
Do you think people should take action to protect the
environment ?
Ss’ own answer
Will signing the petition help stop the hotel complex from
building the golf course?
Ss’ own answer
Suggest
How effective would the following be?
Ss’ own answer
Can you think of some other action the residents can take?
Ss’ own answer
4b reading
READING
B.
c
C.
1. T (‘Some of the reasons these animals are
endangered include the destruction of natural
habitats, pollution and climate change.’)
2. NM
3. T (‘These birds are endangered because they are easy
prey for cats, weasels and rats; ...’)
4. NM
5. T (‘Illegal hunting is the main cause of this creature’s
endangerment, ...’)
6. F (‘In order to protect the remaining Komodo dragons,
Komodo island has been turned...’)
7. T (‘Some researchers are hoping that the toad has
moved underground.’)
8. F (‘No one knows exactly why the toad disappeared, but
scientists believe it may be as a result of climate change.’)
4b vocabulary & grammar
D.
1. e
2. d
3. g
4. f
5. a
6. c
7. b
LEXICAL SET (UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT )
B.
a. 330ml
b. 1 l / qt.
c. 25 km / m
d. 30 cm / in.
e. 3.8 m / yd.
f. oz.
g. 500 g
h. 2 kg / lb.
i. 3 tonnes
j. 6 ft.
4b vocabulary & grammar
GRAMMAR
NOUNS - ARTICLES - DETERMINERS
A.
• We use a(n) before a singular countable noun
when we refer to it in a general sense or when it is
mentioned for the first time.
• We use the before a noun which is something unique,
is used in a specific sense or has been mentioned before.
B.
1. b
2. c
3. a
C.
• Use (how) much and (a) little before uncountable nouns only.
• Use how many and (a) few before plural countable nouns only.
• Use some, any, no, a lot of, and lots of before either uncountable or plural countable nouns.
PRACTICE
1. a
2. -
3. the
4. Some
5. the
6. the
7. The
8. an
9. the
10. The
11. -
12. the
13. -
14. the
15. -
16. -
17. the
18 .-
19. -
20. - / some
B.
A. any
B. much - lots of
A. Some
B. a lot of
A. a few
ENGLISH IN USE
1. eruptions
2. destruction
3. deaths
4. preparation
5. impossible
6. scientists
7. location
4b listening & speaking
LISTENING 64
A.
Speaker 1: c
Speaker 2: a
Speaker 3: b
Speaker 4: c
B.
a. 4
b. 3
c. 1
d. 2
SPEAKING
Ideas / suggested answers إجابات وأفكار مُقترحة
Pictures A1 and A2
Smog/air pollution is caused by factories or exhaust
fumes, waste treatment, oil production, industrial
solvents, paints, and coatings.
landfills:
A landfill is the cheapest way of disposing of rubbish,
but the rubbish produces gases and chemicals that are
harmful to both animals and humans. Also, even if the
landfills are lined, the lining is eventually eroded. As a
result, all landfills will eventually fail and leak ‘leachate’
(hazardous water) into ground and surface water.
Both problems are very serious, and both constitute a
health hazard; nevertheless, the landfill issue is more
serious, because the leachate can cause major health
problems, such as cancers, diabetes etc., which are easily
traceable to the dangerous chemicals released into the
atmosphere.
Picture B1 and B2
• Follow the same procedure as above. (B1: a conventional
source of energy and B2: an alternative source of
energy)
• Students take turns to say what the advantages and
disadvantages of each of the ways of producing energy
and which they consider to be a better solution.
Advantages of conventional sources of energy (fossil
fuels, nuclear energy)
The only advantage of conventional sources of energy is
that they are cheaper- other than that, the disadvantages
are numerous: they cause air and water pollution, they
constitute a health hazard in the areas where power
plants are operational, they are finite- at some point they
will be depleted completely.
Advantages of alternative sources of energy (solar,
wind, wave power):
Environmentally friendly, not finite, don’t pollute the
atmosphere.
Disadvantages: more expensive than conventional
sources of energy because of lack of investment to make
the type of technology needed cheaper.
4b writing
AN ARTICLE
B.
Students should underline the following:
Write an article!
We are looking for articles for the next issue of Earth
Matters.
Write about a predicament that your country or another part of the world is suffering from. Think about the effects of this situation on human, animal and plant life and describe them.
4b writing
a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 4
C 2.
a. 3 (Have you ever seen ... water)
b. 3 (... Now think about... entire country!)
c. –
d. –
e. 3 (Because, As a result, To make matters worse...)
D.
The Ss should focus on two aspects of the future, namely changes concerning the environment and
aspects of everyday life.
E.
Environment
atmosphere – polluted – acid rain
rubbish disposal – many landfills – not many recycling
plants
nature – shortage of water – destruction of rainforests
climate – global warming – severe weather conditions
(floods, tornadoes, etc)
plant and animal life – some species extinct – many
species endangered
energy – sources of fossil fuels limited – alternative
sources not widely used
Everyday life
houses – solar-powered – built with organic or recycled
materials
tourism – holidays on artificial islands powered by the
waves- holidays in the North/South Pole because of global
warming
entertainment – 3-D documentaries, etc.
transport – shuttle airplanes – only bicycles in the historic
centres of cities
work environment – more facilities for employees – work
from home
school – ecologically friendly buildings – state-of-the-art
facilities/equipment (interactive whiteboards, etc)
4 round-up
VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
A.
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. c
6. a 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c
B.
1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a
6. c 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. a
C.
1. expect
2. will prove/is going to prove
3. will install/are going to install
4. will have replaced
5. would be
6. will have completed
7. will be presenting
8. will be doing
9. will be made
10. will lead
D.
1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a
5. c 6. a 7. b 8. a
E.
1. At
2. The
3. to
4. were
5. If/When
6. have
LISTENING 65
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
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