ثالث ثانوي | فهرس شرح قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية 5 Flying High الترم الثاني Grammar
1 Learning from life
2 Appliance of science
3 Game on!
4 Culture, old and new
Reported speech – commands
5
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – present and past | تدريبات
Third conditional | تدريبات
6
Indeterminate pronouns: some-, any-, no-, every-
Clauses of Connection, result and purpose
I wish and If only
| Present and Past Participle Clauses | تدريبات
Have to, don’t have to
Form
Use
We use have to to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary. It often describes obligations imposed on us by other people and authorities.
We use don't have to to talk about things which are not obligatory or necessary.
Must, mustn’t
Must is not very common in questions. We usually use have to.
Can, can’t
We use can to give permission and can't to refuse permission.
5
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – present and past | تدريبات
Third conditional | تدريبات
6
Indeterminate pronouns: some-, any-, no-, every-
Clauses of Connection, result and purpose
I wish and If only
| Present and Past Participle Clauses | تدريبات
Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition, advice and permission
Form
Use
We use have to to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary. It often describes obligations imposed on us by other people and authorities.
نستخدم have to للتحدث عن الأشياء الإلزامية أو الضرورية. وغالبا تصف الالتزامات المفروضة علينا من قبل أشخاص آخرين والسلطات. يجب أن يكون لديك جواز سفر لتسجيل الوصول.
مثال:
You have to have a passport to check in.
يجب أن يكون لديك جواز سفر لتسجيل الوصول.
نستخدم don't have to للتحدث عن أشياء غير إلزامية أو ضرورية.
مثال:
Students don't have to pay full price at this shop.
لا يجب على الطلاب دفع الثمن كامل في هذا المتجر.
Must, mustn’t
Must is not very common in questions. We usually use have to.
نستخدم في السؤال have to أما must فهي غير مشاعة الاستخدام في جملة السؤال.
We use must to talk about rules, regulations and obligations. It often describes obligations that come internally, from ourselves.
نستخدم must للتحدث عن القواعد واللوائح والالتزامات. وغالبا ما تصف الالتزامات التي تأتي داخليا ، من أنفسنا.
مثال:
I must remember to get my passport.
يجب أن أتذكر أن أحضر جواز سفري.
We use mustn't to talk about prohibitions.
مثال:
You mustn’t smoke here.Can, can’t
We use can to give permission and can't to refuse permission.
can هو فعل يعني (يستطيع, يتمكن) ونفيها can't
نستخدم can لإعطاء إذن و can't للرفض.
We also use can and can't to express ability and lack of ability.
أيضاً نستخدم can و can't للتعبير عن المقدرة أو قلة المقدرة.
الأمثلة:
You can use the computers but you can't eat in the classroom.
يمكنك استخدام أجهزة الكمبيوتر ولكن لا يمكنك تناول الطعام في الفصل الدراسي.
I can swim but I can't ski.
أستطيع السباحة لكن لا أستطيع التزلج.
حل تدريبات هذه القاعدة
تدريبات كتاب الطالب صفحة 15
1 Rewrite the sentences with must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to, can and can’t.
1 I haven’t got permission to go to the café.
I can’t go to the café.
2 It isn’t necessary for students to wear a uniform here.
Students don’t have to wear a uniform here.
3 Making a loud noise is prohibited here.
You mustn’t make a loud noise here.
4 It is obligatory to wear a seat belt.
You have to/must wear a seat belt.
5 Copying is not allowed in exams.
You can't copy in exams.
6 It’s essential for me to get a new passport.
I must/have to get a new passport.
7 My little brother has permission to ride his bike alone.
My little brother can ride his bike alone.
Should, shouldn’t, ought to, had ('d) better
We use should, shouldn’t, ought to, had ('d) better to give and ask for advice and recommendations.
نستخدم shouldn’t, ought to, had ('d) better لـ إعطاء نصيحة أو سؤال نصيحة أو توصية.
مثال:
You should read this book.
عليك \ يجب أن تقرأ هذا الكتاب.
Ought to and had ('d) better are slightly less common in the negative and question forms.
ought to , و had better أقل شيوعًا (أقل استخداماً) في النماذج السلبية والاستفهامية.
d' = هي اختصار had
First and second conditionals
حل تدريبات هذه القاعدة
حل تدريب صفحة 15 من كتاب الطالب
2 Are the sentences correct? If not, correct them.
1 My friends and I shouldn't to go out at the weekend.
2 You had better would better walk to school.
3 I think you ought to go to the dentist.
4 What should I say when I see the headmaster? ✓
5 We’d better leave now if we want to arrive on time. ✓
First and second conditionals
First conditional
The present simple comes in the part of the sentence with if.
Second conditional
If can go at the start or the end of the sentence. If the part with if goes at the start of the sentence, we must use a comma before the second half of the sentence.
الجُمل الشرطية نوع: 1
الصياغة كالتالي:
If + present simple, … will/won't + infinitive
الأمثلة:
If you study more, you will get better marks.
إذا درست أكثر، ستحصل على علامات أفضل.
If we don't do the exam, we won’t get a certificate.
إذا لم نقم بإجراء الاختبار، فلن نحصل على شهادة.
يأتي زمن المضارع البسيط في الجزء الذي يحتوي على لو if. لان الجملة الشرطية هي عبارتين اثنتين أحدهما تبدأ بـ لو.
قد تأتي if = لو في البداية أو في المنتصف.
We use the first conditional to talk about possible and probable situations in the future, and their consequences.
نستخدم (جملة الشرط النوع 1) للحديث عن الحالات الممكنة والمحتملة في المستقبل ، وعواقبها.
If you aren't careful (possible future situation), you will have an accident (the consequence of this situation).
إذا لم تكن حذراً (الوضع المستقبلي المحتمل) ، سيحصل لديك حادث (نتيجة لهذا الوضع).
Second conditional
الجُمل الشرطية نوع: 2
الصياغة كالتالي:
If + past simple, … would/wouldn't + infinitive
الأمثلة:
If I had a million pounds, I’d travel around the world.
لو كان لدي مليون جنيه ، فقد أسافر حول العالم.
If we didn’t revise, we wouldn’t remember much.
إذا لم نقم بمراجعة ، فإننا لا نتذكر الكثير.
If can go at the start or the end of the sentence. If the part with if goes at the start of the sentence, we must use a comma before the second half of the sentence.
قد تأتي ( if = لو ) في بداية أو نهاية الجملة.
الجملة الشرطية هي جزئين عبارتين اثنتين. إذا كانت العبارة الأولى هي المبدوئة بـ if فيجب أن تنتهي العبارة الأولى بفاصلة.
أما إذا أتت if في المنتصف يعني العبارة الثانية فلا نستخدم فاصلة.
If we had more free time, we'd do more sport.
إذا كان لدينا المزيد من وقت الفراغ ، سنقوم بمزيد من الرياضة.
تذكر:
d' = اختصار لـ would
حل تدريبات هذه القاعدة
حل تدريب صفحة 15 من كتاب الطالب
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the correct tense.
1 If I were you, I 'd tell (tell) Fawzi the truth.
2 Karim 'll buy (buy) me a souvenir if he goes to New York.
3 What you would say (say) if I lost your keys?
4 My mum will be angry if she finds (find) my dirty trainers.
5 Faisal wouldn’t be angry if you asked (ask) him a favour.
6 If I were/was (be) rich, I wouldn’t have more than one car.
7 Where will your parents go on holiday if you don't go (not go) with them?
8 If I had (have) the time, I’d learn to speak another language.
The passive
Subject + be + past participle (+ by + agent)
To make questions in the passive, we put the first auxiliary verb before the subject.
We use the preposition by to introduce the agent – the person or thing which does the action.
We use the passive when:
English is spoken here.
2 we do not know who exactly does the action.
His bag has been stolen.
3 it is obvious or understood who did the action.
Smoking is not permitted.
In some languages, reflexive or impersonal forms are used instead of the passive.
شرح قاعدة the passive أي المبني للمجهول
Form الصياغةSubject + be + past participle (+ by + agent)
الأمثلة:
The prizes are given at a ceremony. (present simple)
تُعطى الجوائز في الحفل. ( مبني للمجهول في زمن المضارع البسيط)
This invention is being used by millions of people. (present continuous)
يُستخدم هذا الاختراع من قبل الملايين من الناس. ( مبني للمجهول في زمن المضارع المُستمر)
These computers have been used by NASA. (present perfect)
استخدُمت أجهزة الكمبيوتر هذه من قبل وكالة ناسا. ( مبني للمجهول في زمن المضارع التام)
The car wasn’t invented in 1930. (past simple)
لم تُخترع السيارة في عام 1930. ( مبني للمجهول في زمن الماضي البسيط)
This type of energy will be used in the future. (will)
سيتم استخدام هذا النوع من الطاقة في المستقبل. ( مبني للمجهول في زمن المُستقبل)
We make the passive with the correct tense and form of the verb to be and the past participle of the verb.
ننشئ المبني للمجهول بـ (الزمن الصحيح) وصيغة (الفعل be يكون) + والتصريف الثالث للفعل.
To make questions in the passive, we put the first auxiliary verb before the subject.
لإنشاء أسئلة مبنية للمجهول, فإننا نضع الفعل المُساعد قبل الفاعل.
الأمثلة:
Is the ceremony being shown on TV?
هل يُعرض الحفل على شاشة التلفزيون؟
Has the ceremony been filmed?
هل يُصور الحفل؟
عادة في المبني للمجهول لا نذكر الفاعل - لانه مجهول أو لايهم ذكره في صياغة الجملة المبني للمجهول
ولكن لو أردنا أن نذكره فسيكون في نهاية الجملة ويُسمى ( agent = العامل)
نستخدم حرف الجر by لتقديم ( العامل) أي الذي فعل الفعل - الشخص أو الشيء الذي يقوم بهذا العمل.
Use الإستخدامWe use the passive when:
نستخدم المبني للمجهول عندما:
1 we are more interested in the action than the people who do the action.
عندما يهمنا الحدث أكثر من معرفة من الذي قام به.
الأمثلة:
The bridge was built in 1866.English is spoken here.
2 we do not know who exactly does the action.
عندما لا نعرف بالضبط من الفاعل.
My things have been moved.His bag has been stolen.
3 it is obvious or understood who did the action.
عندما يكون من الواضح أو مفهوم من الفاعل.
The phone was disconnected at 5:30pm.Smoking is not permitted.
In some languages, reflexive or impersonal forms are used instead of the passive.
في بعض اللغات ، يتم استخدام الصيغ الانعكاسية أو غير الشخصية بدلاً من المبني للمجهول.
Have something done
Form الصياغة
Subject + have or get + object + past participle (by + agent)
I get my eyes tested once a year. (present simple)
With this structure we make different tenses by changing the tense of have or get.
1 We use have something done to talk about actions which we don’t do ourselves; somebody or something does them for us. We often pay them to do this action. Get is slightly more informal.
Son, you need to get your hair cut!
In this shop you can have shirts made specially for you.
2 We can use the preposition by to introduce the agent – the person or thing which does the action. We don't use by if it is not important who does the action.
Form الصياغة
Subject + have or get + object + past participle (by + agent)
I get my eyes tested once a year. (present simple)
اتفحص عيني مرة واحدة في السنة. (زمن مضارع بسيط)
He is having lunch prepared by the chef. (present continuous)
بتناول الغداء المُعد بواسطة الشيف. ( زمن مضارع مستمر)
We have had the house decorated. (present perfect)
قد كان لدينا منزل زينت. ( زمن مضارع تام)
He had his hair cut. (past simple)
قص شعره. ( زمن ماضي بسيط)
They were getting the car serviced. (past continuous)
يحصلون على خدمة السيارة. ( زمن ماضي مستمر)
We'll get our passports renewed. (will)
سنجدد جوازات سفرنا. ( زمن مستقبل )
With this structure we make different tenses by changing the tense of have or get.
مع هذا التركيب اللغوي، ننشئ أزمنة مختلفة عن طريق تغيير زمن have أو get .
Use الاستخدام1 We use have something done to talk about actions which we don’t do ourselves; somebody or something does them for us. We often pay them to do this action. Get is slightly more informal.
نستخدم have something done للحديث عن الأحداث التي لا نفعلها لأنفسنا ؛ شخص ما أو شيء يفعله لنا. نحن ندفع لهم في كثير من الأحيان للقيام بهذا العمل. استخدام كلمة get في مثل هذه الحاله هو غير رسمي. يعني have هي الأكثر استخداماً.
الأمثلة:
I don’t know anything about computers so when I have a problem I have my computer fixed by a friend who studied computers at university.Son, you need to get your hair cut!
In this shop you can have shirts made specially for you.
2 We can use the preposition by to introduce the agent – the person or thing which does the action. We don't use by if it is not important who does the action.
يمكننا استخدام حرف الجر من خلال تقديم agent أي العامل - وهو الشخص أو الشيء الذي يقوم بهذا العمل.
لا نستخدم by إذا لم يكن من المهممعرفة العامل.
Defining relative clauses
Form الصياغة
Major T H Gem and J B Perara were the people who/that helped to invent modern tennis.
That’s the player whose team is top of the league.
Beijing is the place where they held the 2008 Olympics®.
Sunday is the day when I play tennis.
We use who and that for people, which and that for things, whose for possessions, where for places, and when for times.
He’s the tennis player that my brother likes. = He’s the tennis
player my brother likes.
but
That’s the sport that is popular. =That’s the sport is popular.
He’s the tennis player that won the cup. =He’s the tennis player won the cup.
We do not use commas in defining relative clauses.
We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence.
Rafael Nadal is the tennis player.
Form الصياغة
Major T H Gem and J B Perara were the people who/that helped to invent modern tennis.
كل من T. T H Gem و J B Perara هم الأشخاص الذين ساعدوا في ابتكار التنس الحديث.
That’s the sport which/that I play.That’s the player whose team is top of the league.
Beijing is the place where they held the 2008 Olympics®.
Sunday is the day when I play tennis.
We use who and that for people, which and that for things, whose for possessions, where for places, and when for times.
نستخدم who و that للأشخاص
ونستخدم which و that للأشياء،
نستخدم whose للممتلكات،
نستخدم where للأماكن،
نستخدم when للأوقات.
In defining relative clauses we can omit who, which, or that when a noun or pronoun comes immediately after.
عند تعريف عبارات الوصل ، يمكننا حذف can , who, which, that عندما يأتي بعده مباشرة اسم أو ضمير.
الأمثلة:
That’s the sport that I play. = That’s the sport I play.He’s the tennis player that my brother likes. = He’s the tennis
player my brother likes.
but
That’s the sport that is popular. =
He’s the tennis player that won the cup. =
We do not use commas in defining relative clauses.
لا نستخدم الفواصل بعد عبارات الوصل المعرفة.
Use الاستخدامWe use defining relative clauses to give essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence.
نستخدم عبارة الوصل المعرفة لإعطاء معلومات أساسية عن الشخص أو الشيء أو المكان أو الوقت في النصف الأول من الجملة.
The sentence does not usually make sense without the relative clause.
لا تكون الجملة منطقية عادة بدون عبارة الوصل.
الأمثلة:
Rafael Nadal is the tennis player who won Wimbledon in 2008.
Non-defining relative clauses
Form الصياغة
Major T H Gem and J B Perara, who were English and Spanish, helped to invent modern tennis.
Talal, whose team is top of the league, is a very good player.
Beijing, where they held the 2008 Olympics, is a fascinating place.
Yesterday, when I played tennis, was a really warm day.
We use who for people, which for things, whose for possessions, where for places, and when for times.
We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra, non-essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence. The commas work in a similar way to parentheses,
showing that the information is not vital to the sentence.
Non-defining clauses are not so common in conversation and can seem formal.
Form الصياغة
Major T H Gem and J B Perara, who were English and Spanish, helped to invent modern tennis.
كل من الميجور تي إتش جيم وجيه بي بيرارا ، واللذان كان أحدهما إنجليزي وإسباني ، ساعدا على ابتكار التنس الحديث.
Tennis, which is my favourite sport, is a very old game.Talal, whose team is top of the league, is a very good player.
Beijing, where they held the 2008 Olympics, is a fascinating place.
Yesterday, when I played tennis, was a really warm day.
We use who for people, which for things, whose for possessions, where for places, and when for times.
نستخدم who و that للأشخاص
ونستخدم which للأشياء،
نستخدم whose للممتلكات،
نستخدم where للأماكن،
نستخدم when للأوقات.
We do not use that in non-defining relative clauses.
لا نستخدم that للعبارات الموصولة غير المعرفة.
In non-defining relative clauses we cannot omit the relative pronoun.
في العبارات الموصولة غير المعرفة لا يمكننا حذف ضمير الوصل.
We always use commas in non-defining relative clauses.
عادة نستخدم الفاصلة في العبارات الموصولة غير المعرفة.
Use الاستخدامWe use non-defining relative clauses to give extra, non-essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence. The commas work in a similar way to parentheses,
showing that the information is not vital to the sentence.
نستخدعبارات وصل غير تعريفية لإعطاء معلومات إضافية غير أساسية عن الشخص أو الشيء أو المكان أو الوقت في النصف الأول من الجملة.
تعمل الفواصل بطريقة مشابهة للأقواس ، تبين أن المعلومات ليست حيوية للجملة.
لا تعتبر عبارات الوصل غير التعريفية شائعة في المحادثة ويمكن أن تبدو رسمية.
مثال:
This city, where I was born, is famous for its football teams.
هذه المدينة, التي ولدت فيها, تشتهر بفرق كرة القدم.
Reported speech – statements
the tense of the other verb usually changes going one tense 'back'.
Could, would, should and might do not change.
When the reporting verb is in the present simple, the tense of the verb in reported speech can stay the same.
When the reporting verb is in the past but the statement is something which is still true, or is and will always be true, the tense of the verb in reported speech usually stays the same.
'Museums are usually free.' ➞ The guide told us that museums are usually free.
In reported speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives' also change.
We use reported speech to report the words spoken by another person.
The architect said that he had designed that building in 1990.
Reported speech – say and tell
With say you do not need to use a personal object.
With tell you must use a personal object.
أولاً علينا أن نعرف أن معنى كل من:
Reported Speech = الكلام المنقول
Direct Speech = الكلام المباشر
In reported speech, when the reporting verb (say, tell) is in the past,the tense of the other verb usually changes going one tense 'back'.
في الكلام المنقول ، عندما يكون فعل النقل (يقول say ، يخبر tell) في زمن الماضي،
فإن زمن الفعل الآخر يتغير زمن للوراء. إذا كان الفعل مضارع بسيط فسيكون في الكلام المنقول (ماضي بسيط).
Could, would, should and might do not change.
كل من Could, would, should and might لا تتغير.
ففي المثال التالية لم تتغير should بل تم نقلها كما هي. الذي تغير هو فقط you إلى I
'You should see his new exhibition.' ➞ He said I should see his new exhibition.When the reporting verb is in the present simple, the tense of the verb in reported speech can stay the same.
عندما يكون الفعل الخاص بالإبلاغ (الإخبار) (فعل النقل) في المضارع البسيط، فإن زمن الفعل في الكلام المُبلغ عنه (المخبر عنه) يمكن أن يبقى كما هو.
'I enjoy woodwork.' ➞ He says he enjoys woodwork.When the reporting verb is in the past but the statement is something which is still true, or is and will always be true, the tense of the verb in reported speech usually stays the same.
عندما يكون الفعل الخاص بالإخبار في الماضي ، لكن العبارة شيء ما زال صحيحًا ، أو هو وسيظل صحيحًا دائمًا ،
فإن زمن الفعل في الكلام المُبلغ عنه يبقى دائمًا كما هو.
In reported speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives' also change.
في الكلام المنقول، الضمائر وصفات الملكية تتغير أيضا.
'I’ve got your pen.' ➞ Mark said he had my pen.We use reported speech to report the words spoken by another person.
نستخدم الكلام المنقول للإبلاغ عن الكلمات التي يتحدث بها شخص آخر.
الأمثلة:
'I designed that building in 1990,' said the architect.The architect said that he had designed that building in 1990.
Reported speech – say and tell
With say you do not need to use a personal object.
مع فعل say لا تحتاج إلى استخدام مفعول به.
مثال:
He said he needed help. He said the teacher he needed help.With tell you must use a personal object.
مع فعل tell يجب عليك استخدام مفعول به.
مثال:
He told the teacher he needed help. He told he needed help.
Reported speech – questions
We do not use the auxiliary verb do in reported questions.
There is no inversion of subject and verb in reported questions.
'Who are you?' ➞ He asked me who I was.
We do not use the auxiliary verb do in reported questions.
لا تستخدم فعل مُساعد في صيغة السؤال المنقول.
'Do you know my sister?' ➞ She asked me if I knew her sister.There is no inversion of subject and verb in reported questions.
'Who are you?' ➞ He asked me who I was.
Reported speech – commands
For reported commands we use
If necessary we change pronouns and other words in the same way as in reported statements.
في صيغ الأوامر المنقولة, نستخدم الصيغة التالية:
to + infinitive or not to + infinitive
If necessary we change pronouns and other words in the same way as in reported statements.
إذا لزم الأمر ، نقوم بتغيير الضمائر والكلمات الأخرى بالطريقة نفسها كما في العبارات المُبلغ عنها.
We use told to report stronger commands and asked for more polite requests.
نستخدم فعل النقل (الإخبار) told للإبلاغ (للإخبار عن) (نقل ) أوامر أقوى وطلب المزيد من الطلبات المهذبة.
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – present and past
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Present
She must be good at maths because she always gets very good marks.
She may be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She might do well in maths exams but I don’t really know.
She may not be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She mightn’t (might not) know how to do maths exercises but I don’t really know.
She could be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She can't be good at maths because her marks are always bad.
After these modal verbs we use an infinitive without to.
Use الاستخدام
We use must when we are 90% certain that something is true.
We use may, might, could, may not, mightn't when there is a 50% possibility that something is true (or not).
We use can't when we are 90% certain that something is not true.
When we are 100% certain that something is or isn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Past
She must have done well in her last exam because
she was really happy afterwards.
She may have passed her exam but I don’t really know.
She might have failed her exam but I don’t really know.
She may not have had time to finish the exam but I don’t really know.
She mightn’t (might not) have known the answers
but I don’t really know.
She could have copied in the exam but I don’t really know.
She can’t have passed her exam because she was really sad afterwards.
She couldn’t have done well in her exam because
she was really sad afterwards.
To make sentences in the past using modal verbs we use this form:
must/may/might/could/can’t/couldn’t + have + past participle
Use الاستخدام
We use must have when we are 90% certain that something was true.
We use may have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn't have when there is a 50% possibility that something was true (or not).
We use can't have, couldn't have when we are 90% certain that something was not true.
When we are 100% certain that something was or wasn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Present
الأفعال الشكلية للتخمين والاستنتاج - في زمن الحاضر
Form الصياغةShe must be good at maths because she always gets very good marks.
She may be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She might do well in maths exams but I don’t really know.
She may not be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She mightn’t (might not) know how to do maths exercises but I don’t really know.
She could be good at maths but I don’t really know.
She can't be good at maths because her marks are always bad.
After these modal verbs we use an infinitive without to.
Use الاستخدام
We use must when we are 90% certain that something is true.
We use may, might, could, may not, mightn't when there is a 50% possibility that something is true (or not).
We use can't when we are 90% certain that something is not true.
When we are 100% certain that something is or isn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
نستخدم must عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة 90٪ من أن شيئًا ما حقيقي.
نستخدم may, might, could, may not, mightn't ، عندما يكون هناك احتمال بنسبة 50٪ بأن شيء ما حقيقي (أو لا).
نستخدم can't عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة 90٪ من أن شيئًا ما غير صحيح.
عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة 100٪ من أن شيئًا ما صحيح أو غير صحيح ، فإننا لا نستخدم أفعالًا نموذجية للتخمين والاستنتاج.
مثال:
I know she’s good at maths.Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Past
الأفعال الشكلية للتخمين والاستنتاج - في زمن الماضي
Form الصياغةShe must have done well in her last exam because
she was really happy afterwards.
She may have passed her exam but I don’t really know.
She might have failed her exam but I don’t really know.
She may not have had time to finish the exam but I don’t really know.
She mightn’t (might not) have known the answers
but I don’t really know.
She could have copied in the exam but I don’t really know.
She can’t have passed her exam because she was really sad afterwards.
She couldn’t have done well in her exam because
she was really sad afterwards.
To make sentences in the past using modal verbs we use this form:
must/may/might/could/can’t/couldn’t + have + past participle
Use الاستخدام
We use must have when we are 90% certain that something was true.
نستخدم must have عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة %90 من صحة الشيء.
We use may have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn't have when there is a 50% possibility that something was true (or not).
نستخدم may have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn't have عندما يكون هناك احتمال بنسبة 50٪ أن شيئًا ما كان صحيحًا (أو لا).
We use can't have, couldn't have when we are 90% certain that something was not true.
نستخدم can't have, couldn't have عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة 90٪ من أن شيئًا ما لم يكن صحيحًا.
When we are 100% certain that something was or wasn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة 100٪ من أن شيئًا ما كان أو لم يكن صحيحًا ، فإننا لا نستخدم الأفعال الشكلية للتخمين والاستنباط.
مثال:
She didn't pass her exam.
لم تجتاز الامتحان.
Use الاستخدام
حل تدريبات هذه القاعدة
تدريبات صفحة 59 من كتاب الطالب
1 Complete the sentences with must, may or can't.
1 Nadia can't be Nasser’s sister because she looks totally different.
2 She must be German because she’s got a German passport.
3 That can't be my notebook because it’s red and mine’s yellow.
4 He might play tennis really well but I don’t know. I’ve never seen him play.
5 They must like books because they’ve got hundreds in their house!
6 Fatimah is very happy today. It might be because she’s had some good news, or perhaps she’s just in a good mood.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs and must, might or can't.
1 You can’t have seen (see) Walid yesterday because he wasn’t here; he was away on a trip.
2 Somebody called you this morning. It might have been (be) Ashraf but I’m not sure. I didn’t recognise the voice.
3 The postman must have come (come) early because there are letters in the box already.
4 It must have rained (rain) last night because the roads are wet this morning.
5 It can’t have snowed (snow) in the night because it isn’t cold enough for snow.
6 Somebody in that class broke the window. Josh might have done (do) it because he’s in that class, but I don't know.
7 That man can't have stolen (steal) the car because he was in a different city at the time of the theft.
Third conditional
الجمل الشرطية نوع: 3
Form الصياغة
If + past perfect, … would/wouldn't have + past participle
الأمثلة:
If I had seen him, I'd have spoken to him.
If we hadn’t studied, we wouldn’t have passed our exams.
The part of the sentence with if can go at the start of the sentence or at the end. There is no difference in meaning. However, if the part with if goes at the start of the sentence we must use a comma
before the second half of the sentence.
جزء من الجملة الذي به if يمكن أن يكون في بداية الجملة أو في النهاية ولن يكون هناك فرق في المعنى.
ومع ذلك ، إذا كان الجزء الذي به if في بداية الجملة فيجب أن نستخدم فاصلة قبل النصف الثاني من الجملة.
الأمثلة:
If we had had more free time, we would have done more sport.
We’ d have done more sport if we’ d had more free time.
Use الاستخدام
We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or impossible situations in the past and their consequences. The situations are impossible because we cannot change them now that they have
happened.
نستخدم الجملة الشرطية نوع 3 للحديث عن حالات وهمية أو مستحيلة في الماضي ونتائجها.
الأوضاع مستحيلة لأننا لا نستطيع تغييرها الآن بعد حدوثها.
مثال:
If I had lost my wallet last night (imaginary past situation – it didn’t happen), I would have been very unhappy. (the consequence of this situation)
حل تدريبات هذه القاعدة
تدريبات صفحة 59 من كتاب الطالب
3 Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of these verbs.
1 If I my driving test, my parents would have bought me a car.
2 They me a present if they had known I was getting married.
3 If her bird , she would have been really sad.
4 The meal would have been better if my mum it.
5 If the sun yesterday, we would have gone out for the day.
6 She her an email if she had known her address.
7 They would have won if they a bit better.
Indeterminate pronouns: some-, any-, no-, every-
شرح الضمائر غير المحدده
تُسمى الضمائر التالية بالضمائر غير محدده
some-, any-, no-, every-
Use الاستخدام
We use -thing for objects, -body and -one for people, and -where for places.
نستخدم thing- للكائنات ( الأشياء)
نستخدم body- و one- للأشخاص
نستخدم where- للمكان
We use pronouns with some- in affirmative sentences and in offers and requests.
نستخدم الضمائر مع -some في الجمل المُثبته في عرض أمر ما أو طلبات.
الأمثلة:
Somebody is in the living room.
Would you like something to eat?
We use pronouns with any- in negative sentences, questions, and in affirmative sentences when it means it doesn’t matter who, what, where.
نستخدم الضمائر مع -any في الجُمل المنفية و في جملة السؤال وفي الجمل المُثبتة عندما يكون معناها انه ليس مهم من أو ماذا أو أين.
الأمثلة:
I haven’t got anything to wear.
Is there anybody there?
This is easy. Anybody can do it.
We use pronouns with no- with affirmative verbs because the meaning of the pronoun is already negative.
نستخدم الضمائر مع -no مع الأفعال المُثبته لان معنى الضمير منفي.
الأمثلة:
There’s nobody here.
Is there nothing I can do?
We use pronouns with every- in all types of sentences and in questions.
نستخدم الضمير مع -every في كل أنواع الجُمل والأسئلة.
الأمثلة:
I like everything in this restaurant.
You can’t be everywhere at the same time.
Has everybody understood?
Clauses of Connection, result and Purpose
Use الاستخدام
We use However, even though and although to show a contrast.
لكي نعبر بـ (مقارنة ) فإن نستخدم كل من however, even though, although
مثال:
He’s happy even though he’s poor.
We use so that, to and in order (not) to to show our purpose in doing something.
نستخدم so that و نستخدم to ونستخدم in order to ونفيها in order not ot لإظهار الهدف من عمل شيء ما.
الأمثلة:
She went to the post office to buy some stamps.
We use so and Therefore to show the result of an action or state.
He needed a drink so he made some tea.
I wish and If only
نعبر عن أمنية بالعبارات التالية:
wish = يتمنى
if only = لو فقط \ لو كان
Use الاستخدام
We use I wish/If only + the past to talk about imaginary situations in the present.
It expresses wishes for things to be different in the present.
نستخدم صيغة التمني التالية لـ
I wish/If only + the past
للحديث عن المواقف التخيلية في الوقت الحاضر.
للتعبير عن أمنيات للأشياء أن تكون مختلفة في الوقت الحاضر.
الأمثلة:
I wish I was on a desert island right now.
If only I had a million dollars.
We use I wish/If only + the past perfect to talk about past situations that we regret or would like to be different.
نستخدم صيغة التمني التالية لـ
I wish/If only + the past perfect
للتحدث عن المواقف الماضية التي نأسف لها أو نود أن نكون مختلفين.
الأمثلة:
I wish I had listened to the teacher last year.
If only I hadn’t shouted at Laith.
We use I wish/If only with would/wouldn't + infinitive to talk about somebody's habitual behaviour that we want to criticise and change.
نستخدم صيغة التمني التالية لـ
I wish/If only with would/wouldn't + infinitive
للحديث عن سلوك الشخص المعتاد الذي نريد انتقاده وتغييره.
الأمثلة:
My friend lies a lot. I wish he wouldn't do it.
I wish you would listen to me.
Present and Past Participle Clauses
شرح قاعدة جملة اسم الفاعل وجملة اسم المفعول به
الرسمة التالية توضح لك ماهو اسم الفاعل
وما هو اسم المفعول به
في مصطلحات قواعد اللغة الانجليزية:
نعرف أن present = تعني زمن مضارع أو حاضر.
كلمة past = تعني زمن ماضي.
أما في هذا الدرس فنتعلم أن:
كلمة past = تعني زمن ماضي.
أما في هذا الدرس فنتعلم أن:
present participle = تعني ( اسم الفاعل ).
كيف يكون شكله؟ ينتهي بـ ing مثل شكل الحاضر ولكن نطلق عليه ( اسم الفاعل)
و past participle = تعني (اسم المفعول به).
كيف يكون شكله؟ ينتهي بـ ed للفعل المنتظم أو التصرف 3 للفعل الشاذ. مثل شكل الماضي ولكن نطلق عليه (اسم المفعول به)
كيف يكون شكله؟ ينتهي بـ ing مثل شكل الحاضر ولكن نطلق عليه ( اسم الفاعل)
و past participle = تعني (اسم المفعول به).
كيف يكون شكله؟ ينتهي بـ ed للفعل المنتظم أو التصرف 3 للفعل الشاذ. مثل شكل الماضي ولكن نطلق عليه (اسم المفعول به)
Use الاستخدام
The words before the comma must apply to the first word after it.
يجب أن تنطبق الكلمات السابقة للفاصلة على الكلمة الأولى بعدها.
We use the present participle together with the past participle when someone does something and then proceeds to do another thing.
نستخدم اسم الفاعل present participle مع اسم المفعول به past participle عندما يقوم شخص ما بشيء ما ثم يواصل القيام بشيء آخر.
مثال:
Having witnessed the accident, he called the police.
بعد أن شهد الحادث ، اتصل بالشرطة.
We use the past participle when using a passive form.
نستخدم اسم المفعول به past participle عندما نستخدم المبني للمجهول.
مثال:
Eaten all over the world, rice is an important food source.
يؤكل الأرز في جميع أنحاء العالم ، وهو مصدر غذاء مهم.
We use the present participle when someone does something while doing something else or in a particular situation.
نستخدم اسم الفاعل present participle عندما يقوم شخص ما بشيء ما أثناء القيام بشيء آخر أو في موقف معين.
مثال:
Being a generous man, he paid for everyone.
كونه رجل سخي ، دفع ثمن كل شخص.
حل التدريبات التابعة لهذه القاعدة,
تدريب من كتاب الطالب صـ 69
Complete these sentences using the correct participle of the verb given
1 (walk) walking towards the station, Moussa met his friends.
2 (finish) Having finished the washing up, I made some tea.
3 (discover)Discovered by ancient people, gold has always been valuable.
4 (pass) Having passed his driving test, Faris bought a car.
5 (arrest)Arrested at the scene of the crime, the man was taken to the police station.
تدريب صـ 45 من كتاب التدريبات صـ 45
Choose the correct alternative.
1 I wish I hadn't/had bought such an expensive pair of shoes yesterday.
2 If only we had knew/known the restaurant was so awful.
3 I wish he wouldn't/hadn’t speak to the customers so rudely.
4 If only I learned/had learned more about finance when I was at school.
5 I wish I had/hadn't heard about the sale earlier.
6 If only you had told/telled me that you were going to the shopping mall.
7 If only he had listened to me about borrowing/lending people money.
